RNA modifications are pivotal in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses, yet their role is not yet fully understood. Dysregulated immune control via RNA modifications is implicated in various human diseases. Conversely, RNA modifications can “cloak” therapeutic RNAs or vaccines, preventing their recognition or destruction by the host immune system, which is crucial for developing RNA therapeutics. This research cluster aims to elucidate the mechanisms and connections between RNA modifications and host immunity, addressing a major unresolved challenge with significant translational potential for improving RNA-based vaccines and therapeutics.